基于COSMIN指南对癌症患者支持性照护需求量表的系统评价

背景国内外用于评估癌症患者支持性照护需求的量表较多，但有关此类量表质量的标准化评价研究及不同量表间的横向比较研究较为缺乏，也少有研究者对此类量表的测量特性进行系统的整合与评价。目的评价中文版癌症患者支持性照护需求量表的测量学性能及研究的方法学质量。方法2021年4月检索中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台、维普中文科技期刊全文数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库、PubMed、EmBase、Web of Science、CINAHL Complete数据库，获取有关中文版癌症患者支持性照护需求量表测量学性能评价的研究，检索时限均为建库至2021年3月30日。由两位研究者独立筛选文献、提取资料后，采用健康测量工具遴选标准（COSMIN）系统综述指南，在对量表的测量特性及研究的方法学质量进行评价的基础上，综合评定中文版癌症患者支持性照护需求评估量表各测量特性的证据等级，并形成对于量表的最终推荐意见。采用描述分析法对评价结果进行汇总、分析。结果共纳入15项研究，涉及8个中文版癌症患者支持性照护需求评估量表〔癌症患者支持性照护需求简明问卷中文版（SCNS-SF34）、中文版支持性照护需求筛查工具（SCNS-ST9-C）、癌症患者综合需求评估量表（CNAT）、癌症需求简明问卷（CNQ-SF）、中文版癌症患者未满足需求量表（CaSUN-C）、癌症患者未满足需求简明量表（SF-SUNS）、晚期癌症患者需求评估问卷（ACNQ-41）、晚期癌症患者需求评估表简表（ACNQ-29）〕。就量表的测量特性质量而言，除ACNQ-29的内容效度为"未提及"外，其余7个量表的内容效度均为"不确定"；除CaSUN-C、SF-SUNS的结构效度为"充分"外，其余6个量表的结构效度均为"不确定"；SCNS-SF34、CNQ-SF、CaSUN-C、SF-SUNS的内部一致性为"充分"，ACNQ-41的内部一致性为"不充分"，其余3个量表的内部一致性为"不确定"；CNAT、CNQ-SF、ACNQ-29的假设检验为"未提及"，CaSUN-C、SF-SUNS、ACNQ-41的假设检验为"不确定"，SCNS-SF34、SCNS-ST9-C的假设检验为"充分"；除ACNQ-41的稳定性为"不充分"，SCNS-ST9-C、ACNQ-29的稳定性为"未提及"外，其余5个量表的稳定性均为"充分"；仅SCNS-SF34的跨文化效度为"充分"，其余7个量表的跨文化效度均为"未提及"。8个量表的推荐等级均为B级。结论SCNS-SF34的测量特性得到了最为全面的评价，其具有较好的信效度，且临床应用可行性高，可暂时被推荐使用，但上述结论仍有待更多高质量证据加以支撑。     

中药热奄包治疗肿瘤患者腹胀、腹痛的研究

目的：探讨中药热奄包热敷对肿瘤患者腹胀、腹痛的治疗效果。方法：入组80例患者随机分为观察组和对照组，对照组采用常规西药治疗，观察组在对照组的基础上采用自拟中药配方热奄包以神阙穴为中心进行热敷，两周为一疗程，入组前后分别行超声检查及症候积分评估。结果：治疗组有效率85%（34/40），对照组有效率65%（26/40），两组之间有统计学差异（P＜0.05）。结论：常规治疗基础上联合中药热奄包对于肿瘤晚期患者腹胀、腹痛有明显的疗效。     

脑胶质瘤干细胞衍生的外泌体lncRNA HOXA-AS2促进脑胶质瘤的增殖、迁移、侵袭和干细胞特性

背景与目的：外泌体是介导肿瘤微环境中肿瘤细胞与受体细胞间相互作用的重要信使。然而，细胞外泌体长链非编码RNA（long non-coding RNA，lncRNA）在脑胶质瘤干细胞（glioma stem cell，GSC）和脑胶质瘤细胞的细胞间通信中的作用尚不清楚。本研究探究外泌体衍生的lncRNA对脑胶质瘤增殖、迁移、侵袭和干细胞特性的影响。方法：从中国脑胶质瘤基因组图谱（the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas，CGGA）和癌症基因组图谱（the Cancer Genome Atlas，TCGA）数据库下载包含低级别脑胶质瘤（low-grade glioma，LGG）和高级别脑胶质瘤（high-grade glioma，HGG）lncRNA表达数据的数据集，识别LGG和HGG组织之间的差异表达lncRNA（differentially expressed lncRNA，DelncRNA），并分析HOXA-AS2水平与胶质瘤患者总生存期（overall survival，OS）之间的关系。从人胶质瘤细胞系SHG44中分离GSC，用流式细胞术检测CD133⁺富集的细胞，再用蛋白质印迹法（Western blot）检测干细胞相关蛋白（CD133、SOX2和OCT4）的表达水平。提取和识别SHG44-GSC衍生的外泌体，并用PKH26细胞膜染料进行荧光标记；再将转染了Cy3标记HOXA-AS2的SHG44-GSC与SHG44细胞进行间接共培养；后用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应（real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction，RTFQ-PCR）检测SHG44-GSC和SHG44-GSC衍生外泌体中HOXA-AS2的水平。使用pLVX-IRES-PURO HOXA-AS2慢病毒质粒和含靶向HOXA-AS2质粒的慢病毒shRNA进行慢病毒转染。采用细胞计数试剂盒-8（cell counting kit-8，CCK-8）和transwell实验检测SHG44-GSC衍生的外泌体HOXA-AS2对SHG44细胞增殖和侵袭能力的影响。结果：HOXA-AS2在胶质瘤中呈现高表达，且与患者较差的OS相关（P<0.01）。SHG44-GSC中CD133⁺细胞比例明显高于SHG44细胞（P<0.000 1），SHG44-GSC中干细胞相关蛋白（CD133、SOX2和OCT4）的表达水平明显高于亲代SHG44细胞（P<0.000 1），并且SHG44-GSC中HOXA-AS2水平显著升高（P<0.000 1）。PKH26标记的外泌体被SHG44细胞吸收，且SHG44细胞中可观察到Cy3标记的HOXA-AS2；HOXA-AS2 OE转染的SHG44-GSC细胞（SHG44-GSC/HOXA-AS2 OE）和SHG44-GSC/HOXA-AS2 OE衍生的外泌体（SHG44-GSC/HOXA-AS2 OE-Exo）中HOXA-AS2水平显著升高（P<0.01），在与SHG44-GSC/HOXA-AS2 OE细胞共培养的SHG44细胞中HOXA-AS2水平显著升高（P<0.01）。SHG44-GSC/HOXA-AS2 OE-Exo可显著促进SHG44细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭。结论：来自SHG44-GSC的外泌体HOXA-AS2能显著促进胶质瘤细胞增殖、迁移、侵袭和干细胞特性，提示HOXA-AS2可能是脑胶质瘤潜在的治疗靶点。     

Substernal Chest Pain and Dyspnea in a Female Patient

A 76-year-old female patient presented to the emergency department with substernal chest pain and dyspnea symptoms. She reported that the symptoms started 2 days earlier. These symptoms can arise from both cardiac and noncardiac conditions. It is difficult to ascribe chest pain and dyspnea symptoms to a single cause. Recognizing these symptoms is critical for inpatient cardiac and primary care nurse practitioners to choose the correct diagnosis and facilitate more effective treatment planning.     

Peri-Procedural Aggressive Hydration for Post Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) Pancreatitis Prophylaxsis: Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

BackgroundPeriprocedural intravenous hydration is suggested to decrease the risk of post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP). However, quality of evidence supporting this suggestion remains poor. Here we hypothesized that aggressive hydration(AH) could be an effective preventive measure.MethodsPubmed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Google Scholar, Clinical Trials. gov, Clinical Key, International Standard Randomized Trial Number registry as well as secondary sources were searched through January 2019 to identify randomized controlled studies comparing AH to standard hydration (SH) for prevention of PEP. Pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using the random-effects model. RevMan 5.3 was used for analysis.ResultsA total of 9 RCTs, with 2094 patients, were included in the meta-analysis. AH reduced incidence of PEP by 56% compared to SH (OR = 0.44, CI:0.28–0.69; p = 0.0004). The incidence of post-ERCP hyperamylasemia also decreased with AH compared to SH (OR = 0.51; p = 0.001). Length of stay decreased by 1 day with AH (Mean Difference (MD): −0.89 d; p = 0.00002). There was no significant difference in adverse events related to fluid overload between two groups (OR:1.29; p = 0.81) and post-ERCP abdominal pain (OR:0.35; p = 0.17). Numbers of patient to be treated with AH to prevent one episode of PEP was 17. Final results of the meta-analysis were not affected by alternative effect measures or statistical models of heterogeneity.ConclusionAggressive hydration is associated with a significantly lower incidence of PEP and it appears to be an effective and safe strategy for the prevention of Post ERCP pancreatitis.     

The neurobiology of chronic pain states

Plasticity enables alterations in transmission in nociceptive systems. It is this plasticity in the nervous system that can alter the linear relation between noxious stimuli and the perception of pain and is important in the switch from acute to chronic pain. In this way, a number of CNS mechanisms can alter neuronal activity, leading to abnormal ongoing and stimulus-evoked pains due to peripheral and central changes. Peripheral nerves can become sensitized, spinal cord neurons can be rendered hyperexcitable and ascending projections to higher centres can further trigger changes in descending controls from the midbrain and brainstem. Together, these changes, all of which appear to involve reversible physiological and pharmacological plasticity, can alter the relationship between an applied stimulus and the perceived response and so lead to persistent pain states.     

Surgical management for chronic pain

Chronic pain in the UK affects up to 43% of the population. The consequences include physical and psychological distress, loss of function, employment, family and social strain and increased utilization of healthcare services. Modern pain management services operate across primary, secondary and tertiary care and incorporate general practitioners, psychologists, physiotherapists, pharmacists, specialist nurses, pain physicians and surgeons. This allows for a coordinated approach to chronic pain, engaging the patient in a structured pathway from conservative measures, through to surgery if necessary. Surgical interventions have been utilized effectively throughout the 20^th century for the treatment of a variety of conditions, some of which are now effectively managed with improved pharmacological approaches or novel neuromodulation techniques. Ablative procedures that aim to permanently interrupt the pain pathway still represent the final solution for some conditions, particularly those with cancer associated pain; however, the search for less invasive, less risky measures continues. This is stimulated by an increased understanding of the neurobiology of pain transmission and the physiological changes which occur in persistent pain.